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 DOCUMENTOS

 Documento 1 - Teoría de la música (toma de apuntes)

 

Película 1 

 

 

LIBRO FLAUTA:

Libro flauta Escuela2 

 

Partitura IES Serra D'Espadà

 Canción Popular Francesa 

Hoist the Colours

What was I made for

 Piratas del caribe - Medalon Calls

 Los chicos del coro

 Hallelujah

 Haendel - Sarabanda

 Bella Ciao

Barcarolle

 

 

 

SCHOOL OF ROCK

Preguntas:

1. ¿Por qué Dewey acepta trabajar como maestro suplente en la escuela si él no es profesor?

2. ¿Qué instrumento toca cada uno de los alumnos que forman parte de la banda?

3. ¿Qué instrumento toca Zack cuando Dewey reparte papeles en la banda?

4. ¿Qué significa Rock&Roll para Dewey?

5. Menciona al menos dos bandas de rock que Dewey cita como referentes importantes en la historia del rock.

 

final activities

(Parte VI) - musical form

(Parte V) - Chords & Cadences

Part IV - scales

 

9. SCALES

 

What is a scale?

A scale is a series of notes arranged in a specific order, going up (ascending) and down (descending).

There are many types of scales (medieval, chromatic, pentatonic…), but we will focus on tonal scales.

MODES

In tonal music, there are two main modes:

• Major (for example: C major, D major)
  
  

• Minor (for example: E minor, A minor)
  
  
  

STRUCTURE OF THE MAJOR SCALE

All major scales follow this pattern of tones (T) and semitones (ST):

T – T – ST – T – T – T – ST

Example:

Do-Re (T) / RE-Mi (T) / Mi-FA (ST) / Fa-Sol (T) / Sol-La (T) / La-Si (T) / Si-Do (ST)

 

 

 

KEY SIGNATURE (armadura):

If we start the scale on another note (for example, MI), this pattern of tones and semitones changes.


To fix it, we add sharps (#) or flats (b) to keep the same distances between notes.

To avoid writing sharps or flats throughout a piece, we use the key signature, which is written after the treble clef and before the time signature.

 

ORDER OF SHARPS AND FLATS:


# => Fa, Do, Sol, Re, La, Mi, Si


b => Si, Mi, La, Re, Sol, Do, Fa

 

HOW TO FIND THE KEY SIGNATURE

 

Example: E Major (Mi mayor)

Start on Mi and apply the major scale pattern (T–T–ST–T–T–T–ST).

You will need sharps (#) to keep the correct distances.

 

The same process applies for flat (b) scales.

WHEN DOES A KEY HAVE SHARPS OR FLATS?

When we are told a key (tonality), we check if the name includes a flat (b):

• If it doesn’t include a “b” → it uses sharps (#)
  
  Example: D Major, E Major, B Major → all use sharps.
  
  
  

• If it includes a “b” → it uses flats (b)
  
  Example: Bb Major, Eb Major, Ab Major → all use flats.

Exceptions:

• C Major → has no sharps or flats.

• F Major → has one flat (Bb).

ACTIVITIES

 

Find the key signature of:

• D Major (Re Mayor)

• A Major (La Mayor)

Find the key signature of:

• Eb Major (Mi bemol Mayor)

• Bb Major (Si bemol Mayor)

---

THE MINOR MODE:

Every Major key has a relative minor key, 


They both share the same key signature (the same sharps or flats).

To find them:

• If you start from a Major key:
  
  Go down a minor 3rd (that means go down one tone and one semitone) to find its relative Minor.
  
  👉 Example: C Major → A Minor
  
  
  

• If you start from a Minor key:
  
  Go up a minor 3rd (one tone and one semitone) to find its relative Major.
  
  👉 Example: A Minor → C Major

  

ACTIVITIES

1. Write the relative minor or major for each key:
   
   

C Major → _______

A Major → _______

D Minor → _______

F Minor → _______

2. Write the key signatures of:
   
   

• D Minor
  
  

• F Minor

 

 

 

 

---

REVIEW ACTIVITIES – MAJOR AND MINOR SCALES

1. Find the key signature of the following major scales:

• G Major (Sol)

• B Major (Si)

• F Major (Fa)
  
  
  

2. Find the key signature of the following minor scales:

• E Minor (Mi)

• B Minor (Si)

• G Minor (Sol)

3. Write the relative minor for each major key:

• G Major → _______

• D Major → _______

• F Major → _______

4. Write the relative major for each minor key:

• E Minor → _______

• C Minor → _______

• G Minor → _______

5. Explain in your own words:

• How can you recognize if a key (tonalidad) has sharps (#) or flats (b)?
  
  

• How can you find its relative key (major or minor)?

 

 

 

 

(Parte III) - Accidentals & Intervals

  8. TONES, SEMITONES & ACCIDENTALS

 

In music, the distance between notes is measured in TONES and SEMITONES.

 

Tone

A tone is a large distance between two notes (It is made of two semitones)

Semitone

A semitone is a small distance between two notes.

ACTIVITY

Accidentals

Accidentals are symbols that change the pitch of a note.

Sharp (♯)  => raises a note by one semitone.

Flat (♭)  => lowers a note by one semitone.

ACTIVITY

Write the tones or semitones between the notes 

 

 

 

 

 9. INTERVALOS

What is an interval?

 
An interval is the distance between two notes. It is measured in tones and semitones (1 tone = 2 semitones).

 

To find the interval, we count all the notes from the first to the last — including both.

 

Example: 

Interval:  DO - LA 

 Do (1), Re (2), Mi (3), Fa (4), Sol (5), La (6) - The interval is a sixth.

 

 

 

ACTIVITY:

Write down and classify the following intervals in your notebook.

 

1) 

2)

 

INTERVAL QUALITY (especie de los intervalos):

Each interval also has a quality, depending on its tones and semitones.

• 4ths, 5ths, and 8ths → can be →  Diminished - Perfect - Augmented.
  
  

• 2nds, 3rds, 6ths, and 7ths → can be → Diminished, Minor, Major, or Augmented.

 

 

 

How to calculate interval quality

1. Make a reference scale:
   
   Write the Do major scale (no sharps or flats) from low DO to high DO.
   
   

2. Count the tones and semitones between each note.
   
   This will be your “cheat sheet.”
   
   

3. Compare any new interval with the C major model:

   • If it matches the same number of tones/semitones →

     • It’s Perfect (for 4th, 5th, 8th) 
       
       
     • It's Major (for 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

If the tones/semitones don’t match

When the number of tones or semitones is different, it means the interval has been raised or lowered by one or more semitones.

Order of qualities:

• For 4th, 5th, 8th: diminished "-1" – Perfect – "+1" augmented
  
  

• For 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th: diminished "-1" – minor "-1" – Major – augmented

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ACTIVITY

 

Write down what interval it is (for example: 3rd, 5th, 6th...) and its quality (for example: Major, Minor, Perfect, Augmented, or Diminished).

 

 

 

 

Accidentals and intervals

• A sharp (#) raises a note by one semitone.
  
  

• A flat (b) lowers a note by one semitone.

 

 

 

 

ACTIVITY

 

Write down what interval it is (for example: 3rd, 5th, 6th...) and its quality (for example: Major, Minor, Perfect, Augmented, or Diminished).

 

1º ESO - U.1 - (Parte II) - duration signs and Repetition signs

 

6. SIGNS OF DURATION

  

The signs of duration are the tie, the dot, and the fermata. All of them can apply to both notes and rests.

 

 

 

THE TIE

  

A tie is a curved line that connects two or more notes.

When we play tied notes, the sound is held without interruption between them.

 

There are two types of ties:

• Expression tie:
  
  This tie connects different notes, making them sound smoothly connected — we play them legato (without separation).
  
  

• Tie of prolongation (duration tie):
  
  This tie connects notes of the same pitch, making the sound last as one single, longer note.
  
  

 

 

 

 

THE DOT

A dot placed to the right of a note increases its duration by half of its original value.

⚠️ Be careful: Don’t confuse this with a staccato dot, which is placed below or above the note and means the note should be played short and detached.

 

 

 

ACTIVIDAD

 How many beats do the following dotted notes have?

 

 

 

 

THE FERMATA

A fermata is a dot with a semicircle above it.

It is placed over a note or a rest and means the sound should be held as long as the performer or conductor decides.

 

 

7. REPEAT SIGNS


There are several repeat signs, but the most common ones are:

• Repeat sign
  
  
• First and Second ending
  
  
• Da Capo (D.C.).

REPEAT SIGN

This symbol consists of a thin line and a thick line with two dots.

If the dots “face each other,” that’s the part of the music to repeat.

If there’s no repeat sign with two dots on the right, we should go back to the beginning of the piece.

FIRST AND SECOND ENDING

The first ending is played the first time.

When repeating, we skip the first ending and play the second ending instead.

 

 

 

DA CAPO (D.C.)

Found at the end of a piece, usually written as D.C., which stands for the Italian phrase Da Capo, meaning “from the head” or “from the beginning.”

This means you go back to the start of the piece and repeat.

ACTIVITY

 

 
Copy the score without using the repeat signs.